How this reference is built

Each topic page covers one group of related analytes for dogs and cats, written for veterinarians, with every clinical statement tied to a numbered source.

Scope

The pages cover values that appear on a routine canine or feline CBC, chemistry panel and urinalysis. For each value the page states what a high result can point to, what a low result can point to where that matters clinically, what can move the number without disease, and the next test. Other species are out of scope.

Why there are no numbers

Reference intervals depend on the analyzer, the method and the population a laboratory used to build or validate them. A number published here would be wrong for some readers' reports. Every page therefore reads results as above, within or below the reporting laboratory's own interval, and the worked examples follow the same rule. Drug doses are not published anywhere on the site.

Sources

Citations point to peer-reviewed articles and consensus statements indexed in PubMed, with a link to the PubMed record and the DOI where one exists. Each source was checked against its published abstract or text for the statement it supports. When a statement could not be tied to a source, it was removed rather than left uncited.

Clinical review

Clinical content is reviewed by Brian Toncray, DVM, an emergency veterinarian. The review date appears under each page heading and in the page's structured data.

Who publishes it

This reference is built and paid for by Vetinuity, which makes a veterinary clinical assistant. Links to Vetinuity are marked as sponsored. The reference pages themselves do not recommend any product.